Analisis Ekonomi Sumberdaya dan Dampak Lingkungan Pertambangan terhadap Kesejahteraan Masyarakat
(Analysis of Resource Economics and the Environmental Impacts of Mining on Community Welfare)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31334/transparansi.v8i2.5323Kata Kunci:
Analisis Ekonomi, Sumberdaya, Dampak Lingkungan, Pertambangan, kesejahteraan masyarakatAbstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kontribusi ekonomi sektor pertambangan serta dampaknya terhadap lingkungan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat, sekaligus mengidentifikasi strategi pengelolaan berkelanjutan yang dapat meminimalkan kerusakan ekologis tanpa mengurangi manfaat ekonomi. Metode yang digunakan adalah Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan pendekatan PRISMA. Data diperoleh melalui penelusuran artikel pada basis data Scopus, kemudian diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi tahun publikasi (2021–2025), relevansi topik, dan kelengkapan akses, yang kemudian dianalisis secara mendalam. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pertambangan memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi makro dan penciptaan lapangan kerja, namun manfaatnya tidak selalu terdistribusi merata, terutama bagi masyarakat lokal yang seringkali justru menanggung dampak sosial dan ekologis. Fenomena resource curse terjadi akibat ketergantungan tinggi pada sektor ekstraktif, distribusi keuntungan yang timpang, serta lemahnya tata kelola. Dari sisi lingkungan, aktivitas pertambangan berdampak pada degradasi lahan, pencemaran air dan udara, hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati, hingga risiko kesehatan masyarakat. Untuk itu, strategi pengelolaan berkelanjutan sangat diperlukan melalui penerapan teknologi ramah lingkungan, digitalisasi, penguatan regulasi dan kelembagaan, reklamasi berbasis ekologi, diversifikasi ekonomi lokal, serta pelibatan aktif masyarakat.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the economic contribution of the mining sector and its impacts on the environment and community well-being, while also identifying sustainable management strategies that can minimize ecological degradation without reducing economic benefits. The research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using the PRISMA approach. Data were collected from articles indexed in the Scopus database, which were then selected based on inclusion criteria such as publication year (2021–2025), topical relevance, and accessibility, followed by an in-depth analysis. The findings indicate that mining contributes significantly to macroeconomic growth and job creation; however, these benefits are not always equitably distributed, with local communities often bearing disproportionate social and ecological costs. The phenomenon of the resource curse emerges due to heavy dependence on the extractive sector, unequal distribution of benefits, and weak governance. From an environmental perspective, mining activities lead to land degradation, water and air pollution, biodiversity loss, and increased public health risks. Therefore, sustainable management strategies are essential, including the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies, digitalization, stronger regulations and institutional frameworks, ecological reclamation, local economic diversification, and active community participation.
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